MySQL 语句：数据定义语句（DDL）：“ALTER TABLE”语句

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ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    [alter_option [, alter_option] ...]
    [partition_options]

alter_option: {
    table_options
  | ADD [COLUMN] col_name column_definition
        [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
  | ADD [COLUMN] (col_name column_definition,...)
  | ADD {INDEX | KEY} [index_name]
        [index_type] (key_part,...) [index_option] ...
  | ADD {FULLTEXT | SPATIAL} [INDEX | KEY] [index_name]
        (key_part,...) [index_option] ...
  | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY
        [index_type] (key_part,...)
        [index_option] ...
  | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX | KEY]
        [index_name] [index_type] (key_part,...)
        [index_option] ...
  | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY
        [index_name] (col_name,...)
        reference_definition
  | ADD CHECK (expr)
  | ALGORITHM [=] {DEFAULT | INPLACE | COPY}
  | ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}
  | CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition
        [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
  | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name [COLLATE [=] collation_name]
  | CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET charset_name [COLLATE collation_name]
  | {DISABLE | ENABLE} KEYS
  | {DISCARD | IMPORT} TABLESPACE
  | DROP [COLUMN] col_name
  | DROP {INDEX | KEY} index_name
  | DROP PRIMARY KEY
  | DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol
  | FORCE
  | LOCK [=] {DEFAULT | NONE | SHARED | EXCLUSIVE}
  | MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition
        [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
  | ORDER BY col_name [, col_name] ...
  | RENAME {INDEX | KEY} old_index_name TO new_index_name
  | RENAME [TO | AS] new_tbl_name
  | {WITHOUT | WITH} VALIDATION
}

partition_options:
    partition_option [partition_option] ...

partition_option: {
    ADD PARTITION (partition_definition)
  | DROP PARTITION partition_names
  | DISCARD PARTITION {partition_names | ALL} TABLESPACE
  | IMPORT PARTITION {partition_names | ALL} TABLESPACE
  | TRUNCATE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | COALESCE PARTITION number
  | REORGANIZE PARTITION partition_names INTO (partition_definitions)
  | EXCHANGE PARTITION partition_name WITH TABLE tbl_name [{WITH | WITHOUT} VALIDATION]
  | ANALYZE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | CHECK PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | OPTIMIZE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | REBUILD PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | REPAIR PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | REMOVE PARTITIONING
  | UPGRADE PARTITIONING
}

key_part:
    col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]

index_type:
    USING {BTREE | HASH}

index_option: {
    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | index_type
  | WITH PARSER parser_name
  | COMMENT 'string'
}

table_options:
    table_option [[,] table_option] ...

table_option: {
    AUTO_INCREMENT [=] value
  | AVG_ROW_LENGTH [=] value
  | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
  | CHECKSUM [=] {0 | 1}
  | [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name
  | COMMENT [=] 'string'
  | COMPRESSION [=] {'ZLIB' | 'LZ4' | 'NONE'}
  | CONNECTION [=] 'connect_string'
  | {DATA | INDEX} DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'
  | DELAY_KEY_WRITE [=] {0 | 1}
  | ENCRYPTION [=] {'Y' | 'N'}
  | ENGINE [=] engine_name
  | INSERT_METHOD [=] { NO | FIRST | LAST }
  | KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | MAX_ROWS [=] value
  | MIN_ROWS [=] value
  | PACK_KEYS [=] {0 | 1 | DEFAULT}
  | PASSWORD [=] 'string'
  | ROW_FORMAT [=] {DEFAULT | DYNAMIC | FIXED | COMPRESSED | REDUNDANT | COMPACT}
  | STATS_AUTO_RECALC [=] {DEFAULT | 0 | 1}
  | STATS_PERSISTENT [=] {DEFAULT | 0 | 1}
  | STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES [=] value
  | TABLESPACE tablespace_name [STORAGE {DISK | MEMORY}]
  | UNION [=] (tbl_name[,tbl_name]...)
}

partition_options:
    (see CREATE TABLE options)

“ALTER TABLE”更改表的结构。例如，您可以添加或删除列，创建或销毁索引，更改现有列的类型或重命名列或表本身。

• 要使用 ALTER TABLE，您需要对该表具有“ALTER”，“CREATE”和“INSERT”权限。

  重命名表需要在旧表上使用“ALTER”和“DROP”，在新表上需要“ALTER”，“CREATE”和“INSERT”。

• 在表名之后，指定要进行的更改。如果没有给出，则 ALTER TABLE 不执行任何操作。
• 许多允许的更改的语法类似于“CREATE TABLE”语句的子句。“column_definition”子句对“ADD”和“CHANGE”使用与“CREATE TABLE”相同的语法。
• COLUMN 是可选的，可以省略。
• 单个 ALTER TABLE 语句中允许多个“ADD”，“ALTER”，“DROP”和“CHANGE”子句，并用逗号分隔。这是对标准 SQL 的 MySQL 扩展，每个 ALTER TABLE 语句仅允许每个子句之一。

  例如，要在单个语句中删除多个列，请执行以下操作：

  ALTER TABLE t2 DROP COLUMN c, DROP COLUMN d;
  

• 如果存储引擎不支持尝试的 ALTER TABLE 操作，则可能会产生警告。可以使用“SHOW WARNINGS”显示此类警告。